自定义异常
不包括Java内部所具备的异常类之外, 我们能够去创建属于自定义特色的异常类, 这一般是用来展现针对应用程序而言有的特定错误情形, 若要创建自定义异常类, 就得从类或者它的子类那里继承过来并且定义构造函数。
例如：
public class MyCustomException extends Exception { public MyCustomException(String message) { super(message); } }然后，可以在需要的地方抛出这个自定义异常：
throw new MyCustomException("自定义异常信息");Java异常链
异常链, 在Java异常处理机制里, 是一项关键特性, 它准许在抛出新异常之际, 把原始异常当作新异常的“缘由”来传递, 这般处理有助于留存原始异常的上下文情况信息, 从而在后续的处理过程里头能够更为精确地知悉异常发生的根本缘由所在。
在Java里头, 能够借助于在构造全新的异常之际, 把原始异常当作参数传送给新异常的构造函数, 以此来创建异常链, 如此一来, 新异常就会含有原始异常的引用, 进而形成一种链式结构。
简单的示例，演示如何使用Java异常链：
public class ExceptionChainExample { public static void main(String[] args) { try { method1(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } public static void method1() throws Exception { try { method2(); } catch (Exception e) { throw new MyCustomException("在method1中捕获到异常", e); // 使用原始异常作为新异常的原因 } } public static void method2() throws Exception { throw new IOException("method2中发生IO异常"); // 假设这里抛出了一个IOException } // 自定义异常类 static class MyCustomException extends Exception { public MyCustomException(String message, Throwable cause) { super(message, cause); } } }对于这个示例而言, 有一个被抛出了。一旦捕获到这个异常, 就创建了一个新的, 而且把原始的当作原因给予了这个刚创建的新异常。照这么做了以后, 于main方法当中捕获该异常时, 咱们能够借助调用()方法进而获取到起初存在的东西, 以此弄明白原本异常发生的终极原因。
异常链的好处
好处是异常链保留着那种, 能够让咱们就是在调试以及开展查找问题动作之时变作更容易去确定而精准找出抵达对应难题始源处的原始异常堆栈跟踪明细等；且当做出通过对那些实施封闭起来的那般行径时呀, 是借着给专属打造特制的异样增添增添包含在内更为多一丢丢的环境具体信息, 从而使得异常信息朝着更加具完备丰沛有能起到效用的方向有所转变的了。
当对异常进行处理之际, 提议始终尽可能地留存并运用异常链, 以此在后续的处置进程中能够充分借助原始异常所包含的信息。
异常处理的注意点
注意点
描述
避免空的catch块
不做任何处, 而去将, 空的抓住异常者之物块有使序在遇问及情时下继续执行行进致使可有能导致越发度高严重的结局, 于。是；因那我们应当当中有处或量少要存在至追记牢抓住异常之事, 讯息为的事物或恰当处好之的处为的事物要去适当地对待理。
细化异常处理
尽量去捕获精确的具体异常类型, 并非单纯地运用来捕获全部异常, 如此一来能够更精准地定位问题进而加以处理。
使用块释放资源
在块之内进行资源释放, 这可是一种相当不错的习惯, 不管有没有出现异常状况, 那些资源都能够被准确无误地释放掉。
合理设计异常结构
针对复杂的应用程序而言, 合理去设计异常结构能够助力我们更优地管理异常。能够把相关的异常聚集在一起, 进而形成一个继承层次结构。
关键术语与概念总结
术语
描述
异常（）
程序在执行进程里碰到阻碍的状况, 或者出现差错的情况, 像空指针出现异常的情况, 文件未被找到出现异常的情况等。
将代码编译时会出现的异常, 一定要在编写代码的过程当中进行显式的处理, 要是不进行处理或者声明抛出的话, 编译器就会报错, 就比如说。
也说成是运行时异常, 是在运行过程当中有可能出现的异常情况, 通常是由程序出现错误而引发的, 像数组越界这种异常情况（）。
）, 空指针异常（）等等。这类异常不需要强行进行处理, 不过要是在运行的时候发生了并且没有被捕获, 那么程序将会终止运行。
try catch
用于放置可能抛出异常代码的是try块, 用于捕获并处理在try块中抛出异常的是catch块, 存在着无论是否发生异常都会被执行的代码块, 该代码块通常是作资源清理用途的。
throw 关键字
手动抛出一个异常对象。
关键字
于方法签名里头声明方法具备可能会抛出的异常, 把异常处理的责任转交给调用者。
异常链（ ）
在一个异常中附加另一个异常，这样可以追踪异常发生的上下文。
自定义异常
借助创建一个新的类, 使其继承自, 或者继承此的子类, 如此便能定义自身的异常类型。
Java内置异常类
Java当中内置了好多异常类, 这些类全都是类的直接或者间接的子类, 类存在两个主要的子类, 分别是Error和, Error类一般来讲表示严重的问题, 这些问题通常而言是Java虚拟机没有办法或者不应该去尝试修复的问题, 诸如或者, 而类以及它的子类则是用来表示程序能够处理的异常情形。
类及其子类
一些常见的内置异常类及其描述：
输入输出异常
异常类
描述
IO
当应用程序发生输入输出异常时抛出。这是输入输出异常的根类。
当试图打开指定路径名的文件失败时，抛出此异常。
EOF
当输入流已经关闭，或者已经到达流的末尾时，抛出此异常。
运行时异常
异常类
描述
它属于那些在Java虚拟机正常运行时段有可能被抛出的异常的超类, 编译器对于这类异常是不会进行检查的。
当应用程序试图在需要对象的地方使用null时，抛出该异常。
访问数组时, 若使用非法索引, 会抛出异常, 什么样的索引算非法索引呢, 要是索引为负, 或者大于等于数组大小, 那此索引就是非法索引。
当试图将对象强制转换为不是实例的子类时，抛出该异常。
抛出的异常表明向方法传递了一个不合法或不适当的参数。
应用程序尝试把字符串转成一种数值类型, 然而这字符串没办法转成恰当格式, 此时就会抛出该异常。
其他常见异常
异常类
描述
要是应用程序尝试去加载类, 然而却寻觅不到定义类的那个.class 文件, 此时就会抛出这个异常。
SQL
提供关于数据库访问错误或其他错误的详细信息。
Error 类及其子类
程序所无法处理的极为严重的错误是Error, 比如说, 这意味着虚拟机不存在更多的内存空间去分配对象, 并且垃圾回收器也没办法回收更多的空间。
异常类
描述
OutOf
JVM在没办法为对象分配充足的内存空间之际, 会抛出此错误, 这一般出现在应用程序尝试去创建大量对象, 然而JVM的堆内存却不足以将这些对象容下之时。
Stack
倘若存在这样一种情况, 即某个方法递归调用的深度过度深, 或者有一个线程请求的栈大小超出了JVM所准许的栈大小, 那么便会抛出这个错误, 栈溢出往往意味着程序存在逻辑错误, 像是无限递归这种情况。
当JVM试着去加载一个类，然而却没找到定义该类的.class文件之时, 就会抛出这个错误, 这一般发生在类路径设置得不恰当, 或者尝试动态加载不存在的类之际。
能够用于描述虚拟机运行之时严重问题的通用错误类型, 存在着两个常见的子类, 分别是和。
和Java的抽象窗口工具包也就是AWT有关联的错误, AWT是用来创建图形用户界面的, 要是在这个创建图形用户界面的过程当中出现了严重的问题, 那便有可能抛出这个错误。
Error
在断言（）失败之际进行抛出, 断言乃是编写程序之时用以核查某个条件是不是为真的语句，要是条件并非为真, 那就抛出。
Death
意味着线程已经发出死亡请求, 是Error此类的一个子类, 不过它是唯一能够被捕获的Error, 一般情况下, 应用程序不应当去捕获这个错误, 除非它们具备特殊的应对逻辑。
由于Error类和它的子类一般意味着无法恢复的严重难题，所以当这些错误出现的时候, 应用程序通常没办法继续正常运转。在编写Java程序之际, 虽说不需要明确地处理这些错误, 但是了解它们以及它们可能的缘由仍旧。WWw.BloG.iGaPb.cN/Article/details/0716290.sHtML
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